Almost all EVs use battery as the main energy storage system. Therefore, extending the battery’s life is a very important area in Energy Management for EVs beside extending the vehicles’ running distance. Battery’s loss is one of the reasons to reduce the battery’s lifetime. Moreover, the loss leads to reduce the running distance of EVs. Hybrid Energy Store System (using battery and super capacitor), which is used in this paper, is a good solution in Energy Management for EVs. The authors use Dynamic Programming to minimize the battery loss and the results can be used as a benchmark for comparison with the real-time EV operation in ECE driving cycles.
